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From the Editor

As I look back on the last three years and think about January 1999 and beyond to a life without this responsibility, I share some professional and personal thoughts.

Jack Elliot, the Journal’s first editor, set a fine tradition of quality and timeliness. Three years ago, when he relinquished editorship, Jack praised the Association for coming of age. I think we can say the Journal has also come of age. Some achievements merit mention: three issues are published each year compared with two at the beginning; coverage of topics and country contexts has expanded; new sections – Commentary and Tools of the Trade – have been created; abstracts of articles have been translated into Spanish and efforts are being made to disseminate them to increase the Journal’s exposure and reach; and editorial and business management operations have been systematized, including the development of a guide. This issue, like past issues, is evidence of our commitment to quality. Feature, commentary, and tools sections represent a range of subjects in local country settings. Also included are a cumulative index of volumes 1-5 and announcements of a national extension conference in India, and a new web page for the Journal of Extension Systems.

The Journal has meant a lot to me, personally. I have grown with it, and learned to bring to the role of editor a caring and helping style with authors, reviewers, and readers. It has given me the chance to develop a sense of collegiality and friendship with helpful reviewers and fine authors, who have diligently worked to produce quality writing.

Emotions about letting go of a constant and steadfast companion are mixed. Almost doglike in devotion, the Journal was always present in my mind, willing to be summoned, often crowding out even other pressing things. I will miss the pleasurable routine and the intellectual challenge of the last three years. Yet, “not having to do the job” may be a relief. Perhaps, something as challenging will take that space and time.

To accomplish a task of this nature, a number of committed and well-meaning people work together. My thanks go to authors for sharing their scholarship with the Journal, to reviewers for providing insight and thoughtful critique, and to Journal readers, the Journal’s editorial board, and the AIAEE Board and members for their support. Associate editors Cathy Hamilton and Jim Long always had wise counsel, critical comments, and excellent suggestions. Sandra Sanders, administrative secretary in the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service, independently cared for logistics, and literally produced the Journal on the computer.

Editing an important professional journal is so much more effective when institutional support is ungrudgingly given. Administrators in the LSU Agricultural Center and the LSU College of Agriculture never hesitated to help when asked.

The torch now passes on to Jim Connors at the University of Idaho. I wish him all the best and pledge my support.

Satish Verma

From the Editors

This special issue devoted to the Association’s 1998 conference continues the initiative begun last year of dedicating one issue of the Journal to a report of each year’s conference. Encouraged by the positive formal and informal feedback, the editorial board voted to produce the special conference issue again. We expect the publication to become a tradition of the Journal, serving as a historical record of one of the Association’s important scientific activities, as well as providing a vicarious conference experience to those members unable to attend.

This year’s conference was held in Tucson, Arizona, April 16-18. Over 100 persons from 12 countries were registered. The theme of the conference, “Sustainable Development Through Participatory Collaboration”, was the focus of keynote and invited addresses and paper and poster presentations. The Association conducted the annual awards function, and business and committee meetings. The University of Arizona arranged opportunities for the participants to attend educational tours to the state museum, Saguaro National Park, and the University’s environmental research laboratory.

The keynote address by Merle Jensen was sprinkled with examples of technology transfer between the United States and several developing countries in which the speaker had a role. This provided a good beginning to subsequent discussion and debate on the conference theme. An invited address by Niels Röling on the changing role of extension from agricultural production innovations to technology-ecology issues gave participants food for thought about the future.

In synthesizing authors’ ideas from the paper and poster presentations, the approach taken was to identify dominant themes, and attempt a synopsis of the significant issues presented and the conclusions/ implications. Over three-fourths of the paper and poster presentations have been included in these syntheses. Conference proceedings contain the full papers and posters, and are available for $30 a copy from Jack Elliot.

Six papers received outstanding presentation awards. They are reproduced as full articles.

The awards ceremony on the last day was the culminating event providing a fitting climax to the discussion, friendship and collegiality that are such engaging features of the conference. Bruce Lansdale regaled the luncheon group with a few gems from Hodja. Association awards were given for outstanding leadership, service, young professional, and paper and poster presentations. Larry Miller, who had the best paper presentation in the concurrent sessions, presented his paper to the full group.

An interesting idea suggested by Barbara Ludwig, Past President of AIAEE, and followed up by Cathy Hamilton, Davison Mupinga and Fredrick Nafukho, doctoral candidates at Louisiana State University, was to speak to a few first-time delegates and students about their impressions of the conference and AIAEE. Feedback from eight persons who were interviewed is included in this issue.

Davison Mupinga and Fredrick Nafukho were most helpful in putting this issue together. They tape recorded conference proceedings and delegate interviews, transcribed the tapes, and wrote the pieces in this issue which bear their names. Their help, and the competent assistance of Sandra Sanders, administrative assistant in the Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service, made the work much easier and enjoyable. We are indebted to them, and convey thanks from the Association and the Journal’s editorial board.

The South African Society of Agricultural Extension held its annual conference in East London, South Africa, May 19-21. Impressions of the AIAEE Journal Editor who attended that conference are also included in this issue.

Once again we present this conference issue and hope you will enjoy reading it. Your feedback will be appreciated.

We would like to end with the Journal Editor’s report to the Association’s membership at the conference. We feel it expresses what the Journal stands for and looks forward to in the future.

Journal Report to Conference

At the 1996 annual conference, a vision of the Journal in year 2005 was developed and adopted by the general body of the Association. It has been said that a vision without a strategy is an illusion. We believe that in the last two years the Journal has been moving to make its vision a reality, and not just remain a dream. Progress has been made on four goals. Contributions from Asia, Africa and Central/South America have been growing, diverse topics and issues are being addressed, meaningful collaboration has occurred with international journals in agricultural extension in Europe and South Africa, and the first step toward making the Journal a multilingual publication has been taken by translating into Spanish abstracts of the first three volumes. Two other interrelated goals -- achieving worldwide circulation, and enhancing interaction and electronic access -- are more complex and will require more time, thought, and work to realize.

The Journal’s progress is reflected in the following:

1. 1998 marks the fifth year of on-time publication. In 1997 (Volume 4), the number of issues was increased to three -- a special conference issue was published in the summer. This will now be a regular feature of the Journal.

2. Through spring 1998, 62% (84) of the 124 manuscripts received since the Journal’s inception were published, 18% (22) had been rejected or were withdrawn by contributors, and 14% (18) are under review or revision. Usually, it takes about 6-9 months from receipt to a final, publishable manuscript.

3. The opening of Commentary and Tools of the Profession sections is a means for expressing opinions and sharing technologies and practical applications of theory and research. More contributions to these sections as well as the feature articles section are always welcome.

Members of the Association and Journal subscribers and contributors may be interested to know the philosophy that guides the Journal. Quality and inclusiveness are the basic philosophical tenets motivating Journal staff. Quality, the intellectual dimension of this philosophy, means ensuring that the Journal maintain a high standard of the reporting of science, theory, and practice, and live by a code of ethics based on trust and integrity. Inclusiveness is the emotive aspect of the Journal’s philosophy. This implies establishing a climate of mutual influence, respect, and learning among all those who contribute to the Journal -- editorial staff and board, authors, reviewers, and readers. In practice, this suggests that (a) editors are not simply managers of manuscript traffic, but genuinely counsel and work with authors through reviews and revisions, and (b) the Journal’s reputation is not linked to a high rejection rate of submitted manuscripts but rather to quality of content, and a genuine effort not to be exclusive and elitist.

Satish Verma - Editor

Cathy Hamilton - Associate Editor, Tools of the Profession

Jim Long - Associate Editor, Commentary

From the Editor

Two years ago, the Journal’s editorial board was expanded to enable a more balanced representation of professional expertise reflecting agricultural and extension education thinking and experience from different regions of the world. New ideas and varied experiences have been brought to bear on the Journal’s editorial and business policies and procedures, and the manuscript review and publication processes. We feel the Journal has been improved as a result of this effort. Continuing this tradition of inclusiveness and to further improve the editorial function, two associate editor positions have been created in the editorial board to oversee the commentary and tools of the profession sections of the Journal during 1998. Jim Long, who has been on the board since January 1996, will be the Associate Editor (Commentary). Cathy Hamilton, who has helped with the Journal for the last two years, will join the board as Associate Editor (Tools of the Profession). Both individuals bring talent, energy, and fresh thinking to invigorate the editorial team. I look forward to working with them. Readers should see the fruits of their labor through the year.

Three issues of volume 5 of the Journal are planned for 1998 - two regular issues in spring and fall, and a special 1998 annual conference issue this summer.

This issue offers several interesting articles. In the Feature Articles section, the first piece by Etling and Radhakrishna is a case study of the way in which a leadership curriculum for nonformal educators evolved, and was taught and received at Penn State University and in Monterrey, Mexico. The authors commend wide adoption of the curriculum to improve the competencies of community-based educators in both the U.S. and Mexico. The next two articles are set in Malaysia. Ahmed and Ismail found that men and women have specific roles in agricultural operations and suggest that extension programs establish objectives, and organize training programs and staffing that take into account the needs of both groups. Muhamad and Teh show how local organizations successfully organized self-sustaining development activities in a Malaysian village and delineate factors facilitating the perpetuation of such groups. Shifting focus to a rice development project in Nigeria, Alonge and Martin found that participation in the Farming Systems Research/Extension approach was the single most powerful predictor of adoption of a rice technology package, and suggest that the approach be strengthened by increasing farmers’ participation. Redmann, Schupp and Richardson round out this section with a study of the international agriculture knowledge of students in a U.S. land grant university.

In the commentary section, Acker and Scanes provide a rationale for globalizing programs in U.S. colleges of agriculture to enhance quality of education and prepare students for an increasingly interdependent world; Karunadasa advocates an agriculture-environmental protection synergy for urban areas of Sri Lanka; Mwangi uses personal experiences in his work in Kenya to show what happens when extension education principles are observed or violated.

Hamilton reviews two companion books from Australia focusing on participative action management strategies in the Tools of the Profession section.

From the Editor

This last issue of 1999 brings a close to a very productive year for the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education. It started off with an exciting AIAEE Conference in Trinidad & Tobago in March. The spring issue was published and distributed at the conference. The summer conference issue included the outstanding research papers presented at the conference along with keynote addresses, panel discussions and organizational business. This final issue includes research in agricultural and extension education from around the world.

Bridget Udoh discusses the Family Support Program for rural women in Nigeria in her article on page 5. Agro- technical education in China is covered by James Diamond on page 13. The Pennsylvania Governor School for Agricultural Science is examined by Rama Radhakrishna on page 19. Dr. Mohammad Chizari has two interesting articles about extension in Iran on pages 27 and 39. After the successful AIAEE conference this spring in Trinidad & Tobago you=ll want to read the article titled Attitudes of Farmers Toward Farming in Trinidad by Wayne Ganpat and Deokee Bholasingh on page 33.

Finally, Katherine Cason and Richard Poling discuss the extension paraprofessional model on page 47.

Dr. Arlen Etling has sent along two book reviews for this issue of the Journal. He reviews Participatory Curriculum Development in Agricultural Education: A Training Guide (page 53) and Documenting, Evaluating and Learning from our Development Projects: A Participatory Systematization Workbook on page 55.

Several AIAEE members had the exciting opportunity to attend the European Seminar in Extension Education this fall in Cracow, Poland. This conference, the premier extension conference in Europe, is held every other year in a host country throughout Europe. Dr. Satish Verma, AIAEE President, provides the reader with an interesting look at this conference through the eyes of a first-time seminar participant (page 57).

The Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education regularly published abstracts of interest to our readers from the Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension. Five abstracts from this journal appear on pages 61-62.

The Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education could not be published without the cooperation of AIAEE members and professionals from around the world who submit their research, comments and professional ideas. An index of all articles published in Volume 6 of the Journal appears on pages 63-64. I=d also like to thank all the reviewers who gave of their time and talent to review papers for the Journal this year. Their help and dedication to the profession is greatly appreciated.

As we enter the year 2000, the Journal is continually in need of feature papers, commentary articles and tools for the profession. Please consider submitting your scholarly writing and encourage your colleagues to consider publishing their works in the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education.

Finally, Satish Verma sends word that he has copies of the 1999 AIAEE Conference Proceedings available for $30 per copy. If you did not purchase one at the Trinidad & Tobago conference or would like to purchase another copy for your personal or professional library, please contact Satish.

From the Editor

At the March 1999 the Editorial Board of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education announced a Back Issue Clearance. The Editorial Board of the Journal has approved the sale of back issues of the Journal for US$5.00 per copy.

If you would like to order copies of the following issues of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education please complete the following form and mail, allow with a check, to the address listed below.

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

**********************************************************************

4

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

Volume, Issue Number, Date JIAEE, Volume 2, Issue 2, Fall 1995

Order Form Number Available

8

24 17

48 5 10

32 28 16

Amount

JIAEE, Volume 3, Issue 1, Spring 1996 JIAEE, Volume 3, Issue 2, Fall 1996

JIAEE, Volume 4, Issue 1, Spring 1997 JIAEE, Volume 4, Issue 2, Summer 1997 JIAEE, Volume 4, Issue 3, Fall 1997

JIAEE, Volume 5, Issue 1, Spring 1998 JIAEE, Volume 5, Issue 2, Summer 1998 JIAEE, Volume 5, Issue 3, Fall 1998

TOTAL AMOUNT Mail check, made out to the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education to:

Dr. Jim Connors, Editor

Journal of International Agricultural & Extension Education

Dept of Agricultural and Extension Education University of Idaho 1134 West 6th St. Moscow, ID USA 83844-2040

From the Editor

I would like to take this opportunity to introduce myself. I am Jim Connors, Assistant Professor, in the Department of Agricultural and Extension Education at the University of Idaho. I received my PhD from Michigan State University and have worked at both the University of Arizona and now at the University of Idaho. My international experiences have taken me to the Russian Federation, Lithuania and Costa Rica.

On January 1, 1999, I had the pleasure of assuming the duties of the Editor of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education. As I begin my term as Editor, I would like to sincerely thank Satish Verma for his three years of outstanding service to the Journal and the Association of International Agricultural and Extension Education. Under Satish=s leadership, the Journal continued to grow and has developed into a well-written professional publication.

As Editor, I have high hopes of moving the Journal forward into the next century. If the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education is to become more widely distributed publication, we, the members of AIAEE must make every effort to promote it with our friends and colleagues around the world. If you know of an organization or individual in agricultural and extension education who you think could benefit from receiving the Journal, please let me know. I would be happy to send them a complimentary issue to promote the Journal and increase subscriptions, paper submissions and readership.

Helping me coordinate the business and scholarly review of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education is the Editorial Board (listed on the previous pages). These agricultural and extension professionals from around the world have volunteered their time and effort to improve the operation and professional standards of the publication. If you ever have any comment or suggestion, please let one of them know, or contact me directly.

Finally, I look to you, the membership of the Association of International Agricultural and Extension Education, to help to improve the Journal. I look forward to receiving your Feature Articles, Tools of the Profession and Commentary Articles. The Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education will only improve with your active participation in this scholarly endeavor.

Jim Connors

From the Editors

Taking Care of Business (in a Volunteer Organization)

Do any of you remember the old USA rock song “Taking Care of Business” by Bachman-Turner Overdrive?  (We’re probably showing our age with this question). 

The chorus of the song repeats:

Taking care of business every day

Taking care of business every way

I've been taking care of business, it's all mine

Taking care of business and working overtime…

You might be wondering why we’d use these lyrics for the editorial page in JIAEE.  As you well know, AIAEE is a professional organization run entirely by volunteers.  Like many volunteer organizations, we rely on your help for things to run smoothly.  The Journal is no exception.  Dr. Seevers and I would like to thank you for all your assistance and kindly ask for a bit more.

We spend quite a bit of time with format issues on manuscripts.  We have made a few updates (namely APA 6^th edition and moving the font size back up to 12 pt.) but most has stayed consistent, like including line numbers.  It is important for those submitting manuscripts to follow submission guidelines explicitly.  The article will be automatically rejected the first time if guidelines are not followed.

Another characteristic of volunteer organizations is that a few people tend to do most of the work.  We will be using the current membership list to add new reviewers, but we need to update our reviewer list.  Let Dr. Seevers know if you want to be added or deleted.  The more reviewers we have (with diverse interests, backgrounds, and research expertise) then the better choices we have to match reviewers and papers.  You must have published in JIAEE to be a reviewer.

Volunteer organizations also depend on members who can follow through on commitments.  Reviews that are not completed in a timely manner slow down the review process.  Consider that manuscripts that are rejected with resubmission will be reviewed again by the same initial reviewers for consistency.  So declining the review the second time poses problems in the legitimacy of the review process.

We couldn’t do it without you and appreciate how dedicated members of AIAEE make the JIAEE possible.  At the end of this issue we have the call for the managing editor-elect for JIAEE.  I would like to encourage you to apply (working overtime) and provide volunteer leadership for the organization.

Sincerely,

Dr. Kim Dooley, Executive Editor & Dr. Brenda Seevers, Managing Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Executive Editor

Reflection on Change

Think about all the idiomatic expressions dealing with change. When we want to have people do things in a new way we might say “out with the old, in with the new.” Whenever we want new viewpoints on an issue we may want to “see things from a different angle.” If we want to start over we express “go back to square one.” We can exclaim that “change is good” or that we’ve had a “change of heart.”

In AIAEE, we want to “stay on the cutting edge” and be “agents of change.” According to Everett Rogers (2003), “a change agent is an individual who influences clients’ innovation-decisions in a direction deemed desirable” (p. 27). Last year at our annual conference we deemed a desirable direction for JIAEE to be more economical in our publishing and distribution. As a result, we are now exclusively using an electronic publishing system on our webpage domain: http://www.aiaee.org. The current volume is password protected; however, current members and library subscribers are able to view current issues with a registered email address and login. All of our past issues are freely available to the public.

The time has come. This is the last “print on demand” version of the journal for hard copy distribution. You may notice that this issue has a new “look and feel” that will make it easier to read and print via the webpage. Subscriptions run from January 1 – December 31 with renewals easily processed online at http://www.aiaee.org/subscribe.html.

We are also updating our submission guidelines and updating our citation index to the American Psychological Association’s (APA) 6th edition beginning with Volume 18. You may have noticed that we started using Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) with Volume 17 and plan to continue that nomenclature on all past issues. The current volume has the DOI numbers registered with CrossRef (an electronic database system). I hope you like the changes.

At times we may feel that technology is outpacing our ability to manage it. However, it was Machiavelli (1494) who stated, “[t]he times are more powerful than our brains.” We have always been an organization that is inclusive and innovative, and we will continue to carefully consider the best practices in our discipline, and for distributing new knowledge to our readers.

Sincerely,

Dr. Kim E. Dooley, Executive Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Managing Editor

This summer edition of the Journal includes the abstracts and membership awards and JIAEE awards from the 26th annual conference held in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada on May 16-19, 2010. Congratulations to all award recipients.

As we begin our second quarter as a professional organization, we would like to sincerely thank everyone involved who has made the Journal the outstanding scholarly publication it is. Our average acceptance rate as been 13% over the last three years. Thank you to all who have submitted and plan to submit in the future. The quality of accepted articles remains high. Thank you as well to the many, many of you that have served and continue to serve as reviewers. Your comments, suggestions and feedback are imperative to maintain high scholarly standards. At the same time, it is imperative to remember that has an expert, reviews should provide positive, constructive feedback and opportunities for authors to grow, learn, and benefit from your knowledge. If you have published in the Journal in the last five years and would like to be a reviewer, please contact us and we will make sure your name is on the list.

As we look at ways to continue to better serve you and the Journal you will see some upcoming changes in the Guidelines for Submissions. New guidelines will require that all submissions be in the required format. Failure to do so will result in an automatic rejection without review. Also, beginning with Volume 18, articles will be required to follow the 6th edition APA format. Complete guidelines for submission, including all changes can be found online at the AIAEE website.

Sincerely,

Dr. Brenda Seevers, Managing Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Executive Editor

This is a year of new beginnings. After celebrating our 25th anniversary, AIAEE is ready to tackle the challenges as we move the organization forward. The journal is no exception. As our universities, organizations, and institutions struggle with financial resources, it is imperative that we find more efficient ways to serve our membership.

I am pleased to provide an update on the JIAEE transition to CyperPress. I believe that you will find the journal easier to search and access. JIAEE is now available at http://www.aiaee.org. The current volume will be password protected, but all past issues will be available to you through this site. As we transition to an electronic journal, we will provide a Kinko’s “Print on Demand” this year by request.

AIAEE membership includes a subscription to the electronic journal. Payments can be made online through a secure website using a credit card (5% processing fee) at http://www.aiaee.org/subscribe.html. You can print the form and return via print/mail copy with a check to the treasurer, Dr. Mark Erbaugh. Once payment is confirmed, you will be added to the database and a user name and password will be provided. You will be able to update your profile and change this information once you log in the first time.

We are excited to offer library subscribers broader access. Libraries will register their IP range such that all users from any computer in that library (or campus) will have full access to the site without logging in. These services will allow us to reach those interested in international agricultural and extension education throughout the world. I am very pleased to be a part of this organization.

Sincerely,

Kim E. Dooley, Executive Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editor

At its annual meeting during the AIAEE Conference, the Editorial Board of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education made an important decision related to manuscripts submitted for publication. The Board voted to eliminate the US$25 submission fee for feature papers submitted for publication. This means that now an author can submit his/her scholarly writing or research without having to pay any money.

This strategic decision was made thanks to the sound financial position of the AIAEE Association and the Journal. The Board hopes that the elimination of the submission fee will spark an increase of manuscripts submitted from AIAEE members and agricultural and extension professionals throughout the world and especially in less developed regions.

So, as Editor, I would ask that you pass this information on to your colleagues in agricultural and extension education in your region, state or country. Please inform them that they are invited to submit their research or scholarly writing to the Journal, even if they are not AIAEE members. If their manuscript is accepted they will be asked to pay the US$10 per page publication fee.

This issue of the Journal included important information and results from the spring AIAEE Conference held in Arlington VA. If you missed it, Tony Tuckerís Keynote Address is included on Page 5. His thoughts on sustainable development and professional partnerships is well worth reviewing. Minutes of the Leadership Team meetings and the AIAEE Business meeting start on page 15.

With fall just around the corner, we must also start thinking about next springís AIAEE Conference in Baton Rouge, LA. Calls for Papers and Posters are included on Pages 22-23. New next year will be a Carousel Roundtable session. Call for Carousel Roundtable proposals is on Page 24. I highly recommend you review these calls for presentations and submit your research, project or program summary for presentation at next springís conference.

Time really flies when you are having fun. This issue of the Journal marks the half way point in my tenure as Editor. A position announcement for the next Editor of the Journal is included on Page 25. The next Editor would serve a one year term as Editor-Elect for 2001 and a three year term as Editor from 2002-2004. I strongly recommend that you give this excellent opportunity some thought.

The Outstanding Posters and Papers from the conference are listed on Pages 26 and 27. Three of the outstanding papers from the conference are printed in this issue of the Journal. For the first time in a couple of years a synopsis of the papers presented at the AIAEE conference is included on Page 53. Mikel Woods does an excellent job of reviewing the papers for those who could not attend the spring conference. Also included for the first time, are the complete Abstracts from the papers presented this spring.

Finally, for those scholars interested in sharing your writings with our colleagues across the pond, a Call for Papers for the 15th European Seminar on Extension Education is included. I encourage you to review this call and consider submitting your research to this most important conference.

From the Editor

Greeting to all members of the Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education (AIAEE) and to all readers of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education! It is springtime in the northern hemisphere; a great time to plant and nourish the educational seeds of professional development. I am hopeful that by the time you read this, you have planted your seeds by completing the registration process and have plans to attend the 21st Annual Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education Conference in San Antonio, Texas. The conference planners have put together a fantastic schedule, which can be viewed at http://www.aiaee.org/index.html; take time to view the conference events today.

It doesn’t seem possible that three years have passed so quickly since I became editor of the JIAEE. Three years as editor have broadened my knowledge and understanding of the scholarship representing international agricultural and extension education. I begin my second three-year term as JIAEE editor with this issue, Volume 12(1). The JIAEE has made many advances in the past three years; now we must challenge ourselves to increase the level of scholarship (rigor, timeliness, impact on the profession, etc.) reported in the JIAEE over the next years. Please don’t forget that the JIAEE will no longer publish an annual summer issue as a “Conference Issue,” but will publish it as a regular issue (similar to spring and fall issues), replete with peer-reviewed research produced by our AIAEE members. In addition, our annual fall issue will contain a new component; you’ll have to ask me what it is at the AIAEE Conference if you want to know before the fall issue reaches your mailbox. Finally, sometimes we have to undo those things that are not easily undone; please note the erratum below.

The 21st Annual AIAEE Conference in San Antonio, Texas will be a great time to increase your knowledge base, acquaint yourself with current research, and add to your professional skills through the post-conference workshop. AIAEE conference planners have prepared an exciting assortment of activities, and as always, it is a great time to renew friendships throughout the profession. I wish you all safe travels to San Antonio! Please remember to promote greater understanding of agricultural and extension education worldwide!

Sincerely,

Gary J. Wingenbach, Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editor

Greeting to all members of the Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education (AIAEE) and to all readers of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education (JIAEE)! The end of 2006 is near, but I remain hopeful that you have accomplished your annual goals. This year has brought new changes to the AIAEE, namely a restructuring of our constitution and bylaws. Have you educated yourself about the new changes? I encourage all AIAEE members review the changes posted on our organization’s Web site and to become actively involved in advancing our profession.

The second contribution to the JIAEE Seminal Article Series, an annual scholarly event designed to encourage debate within the AIAEE, was provided by Dr. Burton E. Swanson, Professor Emeritus of Rural Development at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It took effort to convince Dr. Swanson to postpone his “practice” of the strategies presented in this article long enough to author his thoughts about them for this issue. Please read and discuss the seminal article, “The Changing Role of Agricultural Extension in a Global Economy,” with your colleagues and fellow AIAEE members. The article is centered on decentralized, market-driven, extension strategies that have increased small- and medium-scale farm household incomes in China and India. Given the potential for international agricultural and extension education with those two countries, we have much to gain from Dr. Swanson’s extensive experiences shared in this seminal article.

It has been an adventurous journey as editor of the JIAEE, but all good things must come to an end. I will fulfill my second term as editor with the conclusion of next year’s volume (14). Therefore, I ask you to consider a very important matter. According to the bylaws, the AIAEE announces a Call for Editor for the JIAEE. Please find complete details on page 107 in this issue. A search committee is being formed, applications should be submitted, and an official announcement of the new editor will occur at our next annual conference in Polson, Montana. You can learn more about the AIAEE Conference in Polson by visiting our Web site at http://www.aiaee.org/conferences.html

Thank you to all contributors (pp. 108-109), reviewers (pp. 110-111), and board members (pp. 2-3) who made JIAEE Volume 13 live up to its scholarly standards. Included in this issue are eight articles (seven feature and one tools of the profession), made possible through your scholarship and the untiring service of all peer reviewers. Thank you to all JIAEE contributors, reviewers, and board members for assisting in the production of another volume of scholarship. Enjoy this fall issue and continue doing what you can to promote greater understanding of agricultural and extension education worldwide.

Sincerely,

Gary J. Wingenbach, Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editor

Greeting to all members of the Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education (AIAEE) and to all readers of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education (JIAEE)! The JIAEE summer issue brings many contributions from the 22nd Annual AIAEE Conference, held in beautiful Clearwater Beach, Florida. On behalf of the AIAEE, we say “thank you” to Pete Vergot III, Nick Place, the AIAEE leadership team, and their many helpful volunteers for planning, coordinating, and hosting a wonderful conference in Clearwater Beach. I am hopeful all conference attendees enjoyed visiting Florida.

Have you considered starting and/or participating in an international agricultural education student exchange program? If so, you will find much insightful reading on this topic in our first article, which is a synopsis of the Keynote Panel Discussion from the 22nd Annual AIAEE Conference. The authors, Chumakov, Bruening, Frick, Friedel, and Moreno (p. 5), presented thoughts from an innovative program between several U.S. universities and the Moscow State Agricultural Engineering in Moscow, Russia. Collaboration and cooperation, from many agriculturally-related entities in such a program, are highly integral elements for success.

Webster and Ganpat explored the concept of civic youth development in Trinidad and Tobago (p. 15). Their qualitative study could be the framework from which similar studies worldwide could be initiated, as the literature base in civic youth development is scarce. Irani, Place, and Friedel assessed perceptions of potential barriers affecting students’ likelihood of participating in international learning at the University of Florida’s College of Agricultural and Life Sciences (p. 27). Financial costs and time remain the most relevant barriers. Sjah and Cameron provide us with an insightful analysis of farming systems management on new cropping lands in East Lombok, Indonesia, and its applications for extension (p. 39). Rivera provides commentary on the developments and issues regarding agricultural knowledge systems which affect agricultural development (p. 57). Barnett contributed a review of the book, Mozambique’s experience in building a national extension system, by Gemo, Eicher, and Teclemariam (2005). Finally, as is our tradition with the summer issue of the JIAEE, abstracts from all papers accepted for presentation at the 22nd Annual AIAEE Conference in Clearwater Beach, Florida are included (p. 73), as are listings of all association and journal award winners (pp. 106-110). Please send your congratulations to all award winners and make plans to nominate your own work and/or your colleagues’ contributions to next year’s award selection processes.

Thank you to all JIAEE contributors, reviewers, and board members for assisting in the production of this issue. Enjoy your summer issue and continue doing what you can to promote greater understanding of agricultural and extension education worldwide.

Sincerely,

Gary J. Wingenbach, Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editor

Welcome to another edition of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education (JIAEE). We begin 2006 with a flurry of activity in the JIAEE. Dr. Mohammad Chizari, Tarbiat Modarres University in Tehran, Iran has availed his leadership in researching the assorted journal indexing services worldwide. We are making significant progress toward having the JIAEE indexed and/or abstracted in all possible services. The more notable services being targeted include CAB International, ERIC’s Current Index to Journals in Education, ARL’s Directory of Scholarly Electronic Journals, and possibly AGRIS. Of course, we are diligent and remain hopeful about our current evaluation process with Thomson ISI Web of Science®. We will report additional information about the indexing process as it becomes available.

As a service to those who wish to keep track of such statistics, the following data were compiled from the recently completed Volume 12 (2005). Seventy-seven manuscripts were submitted for peer review and possible publication in the JIAEE. Of those, 25 were accepted for publication, resulting in an acceptance rate of 32.5%. Please note that all manuscripts are subject to peer and/or editorial board review, therefore our acceptance rate is based on the outcome for all manuscripts. We do not distinguish between Feature articles, Tools of the Profession, or Commentary articles since all that are published are considered “refereed” publications. Our three-year average acceptance rate is 33.9%, which we believe is quite competitive, even leading, when compared to peer journals. While some novice writers may feel intimidated by this statistic, do not fear; Ms. Laura Hartstone, an undergraduate student from the University of Arizona, is one of the featured contributors to this issue. My advice to all first-time authors contemplating JIAEE contributions is to submit materials and let the peer review process unfold.

A few other interesting facts about the JIAEE include our readership, which exceeds 200 subscribers annually, and our peer review process. As most of you know, after submitting a manuscript for review, peer reviewers have three weeks to complete the assigned task (through our online process). I am very proud to report that all 77 manuscripts submitted for Volume 12 averaged just 15.04 days in the peer review process; a very impressive feat! To those reviewers, I extend my sincere congratulations for your extremely valuable and timely service to the JIAEE. Finally, the JIAEE online manuscript submission and peer review process saved our association over $3,000 in paper, envelope, and postal charges for Volume 12. The total savings for similar charges, since initiating the online process, is over $9,000.

The 22nd Annual AIAEE Conference in Clearwater Beach, Florida promises to be a great time for increasing your knowledge base, learning about current research, and adding to your network of colleagues. AIAEE conference planners have prepared an exciting assortment of activities, and as always, it is a great time to renew friendships throughout the profession. I wish you all safe travels to Clearwater Beach. Please remember to promote greater understanding of agricultural and extension education worldwide!

Sincerely,

Gary J. Wingenbach, Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editor

Welcome to the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education (JIAEE). And then there were none. With apologies to Agatha Christie, this issue marks the last of my six- year service as Editor of the JIAEE. I have enjoyed this journey. True to the oft-used adage from my Peace Corps Volunteer days in the mid-1980s, “you’ll learn so much more than you can teach here in Guatemala,” I have learned so much more than I could have taught during these past six years. One example of my learning in found in the excellent addition to our Seminal Article Series (pp. 5-15) authored by Dr. Barbara Ludwig; please take time to read her article, and then make a commitment to make your own changes in 2008 and beyond.

Producing great scholarship requires everyone’s efforts in improving the quality of manuscripts submitted for review, and the rigor with which those manuscripts are reviewed. The JIAEE had an acceptance rate of 50% in 2002 (my first year as editor) and has improved to 25.4% in 2006; currently, it is at 18% for 2007. The six-year average acceptance rate has remained steady at 33% for more than 340 manuscripts reviewed since 2002. While it may be interesting to reminisce about other changes in the JIAEE over the past six years, I would rather look ahead to a promising future.

The JIAEE editorship is being transferred into the capable hands of Drs. James Lindner and Kim Dooley (see page 111 for contact information), faculty members at Texas A&M University. On a positive note, their offices are close to mine, meaning their learning curves may be much flatter than mine when I became editor in 2002. On a negative note, their offices are close to mine. Seriously, I think the close proximity between outgoing and incoming editors is beneficial for the JIAEE. Already, we have collaborated on decisions about incoming manuscripts for peer review. Historical databases, letters, past reviews, publishing materials and contacts can be easily shared between offices. Another benefit comes from our continued use of the online manuscript submission and peer review process through Manuscript FastTrack®.

I would be remiss if I didn’t take this opportunity to thank several individuals for their guidance and assistance during my tenure as JIAEE editor. Dr. John Richardson, thank you for convincing me that I was capable of providing this service. Dr. Nick Place, thanks for convincing me that after the original first three-year term, I could further improve the JIAEE with a sustained effort in a second three-year term. Other inspirational mentors who made this journey a pleasant experience include Drs. Jack Elliot, David Acker, Matt Baker, Barbara Ludwig, Wade Miller, Dermot Ruane, Larry Miller, Gustav Düvel, and James Christiansen. Thank you to all JIAEE board members for helping raise its level of scholarship and notoriety. Also, my home department, Agricultural Leadership, Education, and Communications at Texas A&M University helped much in the production of the JIAEE.

Finally, thank you to all JIAEE contributors and reviewers for assisting in the production of this and all other issues over the past six years. Please continue doing what you can to promote greater understanding of agricultural and extension education worldwide.

Farewell,

Gary J. Wingenbach, Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editor

Welcome to the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education (JIAEE). This issue increases our understanding of international agricultural and extension education topics from Australia to Ireland, and Cameroon to Bangladesh. What do you know about improving farmer knowledge and skills to better manage climate variability and climate change in Australia? Probably about as much as I did before reading the article by George et al. Less than one-third of the Australian farmers in this study considered themselves as competent in managing climate risk, but effective, flexible training and resources improved their competencies (p. 5). You will recognize the contributing authors from a previous publication in the JIAEE.

McNamara et al. provide thoughtful views on the incidence and impact of disabilities on Irish farms (p. 21). This topic should be investigated in many countries, as the results worldwide may give us better ideas about reducing farm-related injuries leading to physical disabilities. It would be interesting to learn about the differences between countries when compared by level of mechanization use in each country. Maybe the authors can initiate such a worldwide study.

David (p. 35) explored knowledge improvement and social benefits among farmer field school participants in Cameroon. A focus was placed on farmers who attended cocoa integrated crop and pest management schools. This article expands our recent published efforts on farmer field schools, a topic that has gained much attention and illustrates farmer empowerment through education and training.

Hoque and Usami (p. 51) described the effectiveness of Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) training courses for block supervisors’ extension skills in Bangladesh. Although block supervisors perceived course design and delivery, and course evaluations as satisfactory, they were not as pleased with the quality of training materials, transportation arrangements, or refreshments. One lesson learned may be that regardless of location, training and development activities may be only as good as the materials and refreshments. Finally, McGowan, a graduate student, provided her views on study abroad experiences (p. 61). All JIAEE readers who are contemplating study abroad may find her suggestions useful before leaving country.

The 23rd Annual AIAEE Conference was a great success, with a plethora of research paper topics (p. 67), posters, and carousel roundtable presentations. If you missed the beauty that is northwest Montana, then you should not miss next year’s venue at E.A.R.T.H. University in Costa Rica. You must submit your research paper, poster, or workshop proposals earlier than usual because of the earlier (March, 2008) conference date (see our Web site http://www.aiaee.org/index.html, for additional conference details).

Thank you to all JIAEE contributors, reviewers, and board members for assisting in the production of this issue. Enjoy the summer issue and continue doing what you can to promote greater understanding of agricultural and extension education worldwide.

Sincerely,

Gary J. Wingenbach, Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editor

Greetings, Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education (AIAEE) members and Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education (JIAEE) readers. This issue marks the beginning of the end. This year will be my last as editor of the JIAEE. I have enjoyed this service very much, but now the task of “enhancing the research and knowledge base of agricultural and extension education from an international perspective” must pass to another AIAEE member. I will help the new editor in every way possible to make this transition a seamless one. The good news is that since we adopted the online submission and peer review process through Express Academic ServicesTM, potential authors and reviewers will not experience any differences in publication services when the editorship changes hands.

The JIAEE continues to gain acceptance as a global leader in agricultural and extension education scholarship. Earlier this year, Ms. Claire Williams, Accessions Manager for CABI International, notified the JIAEE that it had successfully completed the review process and is now actively indexed in the CABI information products. “Indexing began in 2006 with the 2005 volume (12). JIAEE is primarily indexed in the CAB Abstracts database, but has also been indexed in the Global Health database (these are the two primary databases, known jointly as CAB Direct). In addition, JIAEE has been indexed in the following subject-specific subsets: Agricultural Economics; Rural Development Abstracts; World Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Abstracts.” This is wonderful news, but it is now the responsibility of all AIAEE members and JIAEE subscribers to promote CABI International, just as they promote our collective scholarship.

Promoting our scholarship and gaining indexing services with ISI Web of KnowledgeTM continues to be a priority for the JIAEE. Please know that significant progress has been made since our initial application for inclusion was made in 2003. It is now a matter of time (late summer 2007) before we have a definitive answer to the possibility of being indexed with ISI. Your continued patience and our persistence to do a better job of promoting, internally and externally, the value of scholarship published in the JIAEE is paramount to our successful bid for ISI indexing. You, the authors, subscribers, and readers of the JIAEE must do what you can to promote widespread use of the JIAEE in all future refereed publications, within our journal and through external sources too. You have your charge; now answer the call to share this issue with non-subscribers and non-AIAEE members. I implore you to help yourselves by helping the JIAEE gain acceptance into the ISI Web of KnowledgeTM.

The 23rd Annual AIAEE Conference is nearly upon us. Have you registered for the conference and made your hotel reservations? Please do so today at the AIAEE Web site. Finally, enjoy this issue and continue doing what you can to promote greater understanding of agricultural and extension education worldwide.

Sincerely,

Gary J. Wingenbach, Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editors

Members of AIAEE are agents of change. We espouse the importance of change in knowledge, behaviors, skills, and attitudes through educational programming, project demonstration, community, and international development. But with change comes ambiguity. JIAEE has changed leadership and the procedures for managing the Journal are changing as well.

This past year the Board appointed us as co-editors for JIAEE. We have a long history of working together and look forward to implementing a “training program” for managing the Journal. During our first year we will be collectively carrying out the tasks of JIAEE while putting into place a new plan for managing and editing the Journal. Our plans for restructuring JIAEE include the creation of an Executive Editor and a Managing Editor.

The Executive Editor would set the overall standards for publication including planning and budgeting and the Managing Editor would manage the manuscript submission and review process. We propose continued use of Associate Editors for Commentary, Tools of the Trade, and Book Review.

The Executive Editor and Managing Editor would serve two years at each position. For Volume 15, we will co-edit. For Volume 16, Lindner would serve as Executive Editor and Dooley would serve as Managing Editor. For Volume 17, Dooley would serve as Executive Editor and we would select a new Managing Editor. For Volume 18, Dooley would serve as Executive Editor. For Volume 19 forward the Managing Editor completing his/her second term would become the Executive Editor and a new Managing Editor would be selected. For Volume 15 and 16 Gary Wingenbach will serve as Past Editor. For Volume 17 and 18, Lindner would serve as Past Executive Editor. For Volume 19 and 20, Dooley would serve as Past Executive Editor.

What we are attempting to do is share the duties and create a plan for sustainability. Your input and discussion will be critical.

This is our first volume under the new management plan. We are pleased to report that for the spring 2008 edition we have one Commentary, six Feature Articles, and one Tools of the Trade. There are 24 different authors from 10 US states (representing 11 US universities) and three universities outside of the US. The manuscripts focus upon six different countries (Costa Rica, Georgia, Egypt, India, Nigeria, and Iran). Authors also represent the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and a County School. The collaboration not only spans across states and nations, but across roles—with graduate students, faculty, administrators, politicians, and practitioners as co-authors. This is the kind of change we can all be proud of!

Sincerely,

James R. Lindner and Kim E. Dooley, Editors

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editors

Keywords are

The Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education has identified 11 knowledge categories and five U.N. Geographical Regions for which research is reported. When we moved to the online Manuscript FastTrack, a content analysis was conducted with all past issues to determine appropriate keywords for indexing purposes. When you are submitting a new document, you should look at the document topics to determine your five to seven key words to include on your manuscript. Reviewers are selected based upon these key words. It is necessary for authors to also select the document topics when submitting a manuscript. This can be easily achieved by holding down the control key, scrolling through the document topics, and clicking on those key words.

The eleven topics encompass the multidisciplinary nature of our work, but should specifically define our knowledge areas for the profession. They are:

1. Education (Adult Learning, Curriculum Issues, Distance Learning, Experiential Learning, Faculty Teaching, Higher Education, Information Technology, Primary/Secondary Education, and Student Issues);
2. Environmental Issues (Agro-ecology, Energy, Ecotourism, Health Care, Natural Resources, Solid Waste Management, and Wildlife Biology);
3. Extension (Administration and Policy, Curriculum Development, Delivery, Methods, Programs, Systems and Models, and Theory and Practice);
4. Partnerships (Community-based Organizations, Cooperatives, Governmental Organizations, Non-Governmental Organizations, and Public-Private Networks);
5. Perspectives (Age, Ethnicity, Gender, Historical, and Philosophical);
6. Planning and Evaluation (Accountability, Competencies, Needs Assessment, Program Effectiveness, and Program Evaluation);
7. Management (Administration, Communications, Leadership, and Marketing);
8. Managing Change (Change Theory, Entrepreneurship, Planned Change, Public Good, Social Change, and Technology Transfer);
9. Research and Methods (Case Study Research, Experimental Research, Participatory Rural Appraisal, Qualitative Research, Rapid Rural Appraisal, and Survey Research);
10. Teaching and Learning (Instructional Design and Delivery, Learner Characteristics, Learning Outcomes, Learning Theory, Teacher Education, and Teaching Methods);
11. Training and Development (Capacity-Building, Community Development, Farmers, Human Resource Development, Participatory Training, Professional Development, Programmatic Issues, Sustainable Development, and Youth Organizations); and
12. U.N. Geographical Regions: Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania.

Choosing keywords from the document topic list in the Manuscript FastTrack allows us to match manuscript reviews and determine the appropriateness of the article to our readership.

Sincerely,

James R. Lindner and Kim E. Dooley, Editors

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editors

In this issue our annual invited seminal article focuses on “A Brief Review of the History of the AIAEE.” Written by Dr. Meaders, we hope you take time to read about our history and how far we have come in 25 short years. I am sure Dr. Meaders would enjoy hearing from some old friends, you can contact him by email at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. This issue also offers an extended editorial related to “Twenty-five Things We Love about AIAEE.”

A new look for the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension is coming starting with the Spring 2010 issue. We will be migrating the publishing of JIAEE to a content management system operated by Cybersense. What does this mean to JIAEE members and readers? First, JIAEE will only be available online. In its current print format, the Journal was no longer sustainable. At the recent JIAEE Board Meeting in San Juan, Puerto Rico, the Board voted to make this move. Second, moving to this format will provide broader exposure of your research to the world, by making it more easily indexed and searchable. Third, we will be accelerating the publication process, but publishing accepted articles as they are ready instead of waiting up to four months for the next issue to come out. Fourth, the new system will integrate all of AIAEE’s web presences: the webpage, JIAEE fasttrack manuscript review system, AIAEE fasttrack proceeding review system, and JIAEE CyberPress. We are really excited about the move to this new system and hope you will be as well. Keep an eye for email updates as we bring this new system online.

We would also like to introduce our readership to Dr. Brenda Seevers of New Mexico State University. Dr. Seevers will begin her term as managing editor on January 1, 2010. She will be responsible for managing all prepublication issues related to JIAEE. Dr. Seevers will be traveling to Texas A&M University in early January to undergo a week long training program. If you get a chance, please send Dr. Seevers a congratulations email <This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.>. Dr. Kim Dooley will begin her term as executive editor on January 1, 2010. She will be responsible for setting the overall direction of JIAEE and for post article acceptance issues including publishing manuscripts and financial oversight. Dr. James Lindner will begin his term as past editor on January 1, 2010. He will be providing leadership as we transfer to our new content management system.

Sincerely,

James R. Lindner, Executive Editor and Kim E. Dooley, Managing Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editors

As we finish out our first year as coeditors, we would like to thank JIAEE contributors, reviewers, and editorial board members for their support over the past year. Over the past couple years there have been approximately 200 submissions to JIAEE. Over 300 reviews have been conducted by JIAEE reviewers. Forty-four reviewers from nine countries reviewed an approximate average of five papers each over the past year. We are constantly seeking to expand the reviewer pool; both in terms of numbers of people and countries represented. We hope that when called upon to review a paper you will gladly accept the task. The acceptance rate for the year 2008 (Volume 15) is 20%; for 2007 (Volume 14) it was 18%; for 2006 (Volume 13) it was 25%.

Carrying out the business of JIAEE has been extremely rewarding for us; both personally and professionally. Gary Wingenbach was very helpful is getting us started and remains, as past editor, an integral part of the team. Jovonna Ivester, Administrative Assistant, at Texas A&M University has also contributed a great deal towards keeping the Journal moving forward.

In this issue you will find an excellent article from Gary Wingenbach titled “Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education Scholarship: Passport to the World.” We strongly encourage you to read this insightful article and think about how you can help AIAEE “adapt, adopt, or create its own international research agenda.” Reading the current issue of “The Informer” Gary writes that “AIAEE needs your help” with moving the association forward. We echo his sentiments and note JIAEE also needs your help in moving forward.

This issue is the last issue that we are coeditors of the Journal. As you may recall in volume 15(1), we outlined a plan for sustainability that included restructuring JIAEE to divide the duties of the Editor into an Executive Editor and a Managing Editor. The Executive Editor will set the overall standards for publishing including all post acceptance duties; the Managing Editor will handle duties related to manuscript submissions and review.

We hope you enjoy this issue of JIAEE that includes excellent articles that contribute to the Journal’s mission to enhance the research and knowledge base of agricultural and extension education from an international perspective.

Sincerely,

James R. Lindner and Kim E. Dooley, Editors

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editors

Happy 25th Anniversary, AIAEE! As we celebrate 25 years as an organization it is important to reflect back on our past. Don Meaders and Ray Ostos contributed an insightful historical perspective of the organization in the 2001 Conference Proceedings. Their questions are just as important today: (a) what is the purpose of the Association? (b) who has been our leaders and what are their affiliations? (c) what are our key “moments” and evolving patterns? (d) what operational and contextual changes have we made over time? (Meaders & Ostos, 2001, p. 240).

In the summer of 1983 there was a seminar on Agricultural Education in Africa hosted by the agency for international development. This was the impetus for the creation of the Association of Agricultural Education (AIAE) on April 6, 1984. On the program for the organizational development meeting were Bill Thuemmel, Fred Hutchinson, Maurice Fleming, Edna McBreen, Don Meaders, Carl Martin, Wayne Nilsistuen, Douglas Pickett, George Miller, Jean Weideman, Terrence Thomas, Frank Bobbitt, Karl Sandlin, and Burt Swanson. David Riley from Sam Houston State University was the organizer. The officers were (a) Chairperson, Burt Swanson, (b) Vice Chairperson, William Thuemmel, and (c) Secretary-Treasurer, Lennie Gamage. The Executive Board included Robert Julian, Don Meaders, David Riley, and Hugh Rouk. Additional attendees were: James Albracht, Ronald Brown, Frank Byrnes, Jeane Dorette, Eddie Dye, Frank Fender, Ryland Holmes, Richard Jensen, Larry Jewell, Vern Johnson, Harold Jones, James McGuire, Robert Maxwell, Larry Miller, Cynthia Perry, Douglas Pickett, and William Richardson. These individuals were the founders of AIAEE and we sincerely thank them and celebrate their forethought and dedication.

The initial constitution had the purpose of providing a medium for exchange of ideas related to international agricultural education and to provide a liaison between higher education and a diverse array of international entities. Today our objectives include continuing dialogue and scholarly communication of our collective global knowledge. We’ve stayed true to our original charge.

The Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education began 10 years later. Jack Elliot was the first editor followed by Satish Verma, James Connors, and Gary Wingenbach. These leaders have moved us to the point of now having a preeminent journal that is managed entirely online. Our scholarship continues.

Sincerely,

James R. Lindner, Executive Editor and Kim E. Dooley, Managing Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editor

Greeting to all members of the Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education (AIAEE) and to all readers of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education (JIAEE)! The JIAEE summer issue brings many contributions from the 21st Annual AIAEE Conference, held in sunny San Antonio, Texas during the last week of May. I extend my sincere congratulations to the organizers of our annual conference. On behalf of the AIAEE, we say “thank you” to James R. Lindner, the AIAEE leadership team, and their many helpful assistants for planning, coordinating, and sponsoring a wonderful conference in San Antonio. I am hopeful all conference attendees enjoyed visiting Texas.

You may have noticed a slight change on the cover of this issue. True to the JIAEE editorial board promise made one year ago, we no longer publish the outstanding professional papers from our annual conference. Why not, you may ask? Well, as our profession has aged, so too has the number of manuscripts submitted for peer review to this journal. The JIAEE summer issue, traditionally confined to the contents of our most recent AIAEE conference, was a valued conduit for publishing manuscripts that otherwise would not have been shared in another medium. However, those were the days before high-speed Internet, auto-play compact discs, and far-reaching electronic mail listserv. Today, if you desire conference information, you need only access the Web site, http://www.aiaee.org/conferences.html, for a complete listing of all conference materials from the past five years. But, not all conference material was excluded from this issue. Take a few moments to read David Acker’s inspirational Keynote Address (p. 5), and review the conference professional paper abstracts (p. 57-85) before finding them on the Web.

Beyond the reasons for not publishing the outstanding conference papers described in the previous paragraph, the JIAEE must continue its goal of improving scholarship published in each issue. That is not to say that annual AIAEE conference papers are not worthy of being published in this journal, quite the contrary situation exists. However, all conference paper authors are encouraged to re-write conference papers and submit them to the JIAEE for peer review and possible publication. This journal offers all authors an opportunity to expand articles (Feature Article manuscripts may now be up to 20 double-spaced pages in length). AIAEE conference papers are limited to 12 double-spaced pages. The extra pages allowed by the JIAEE may be used for in-depth narratives of manuscript frameworks (theoretical, conceptual, or operational), fuller descriptions of the research methods used, comprehensive data analyses, or enhanced explanations in the sections for conclusions, implications, and recommendations. All other sections, including the abstract, tables, and references must be included in the 20-page limit. If you did not have your paper selected as one of the research conference papers in San Antonio, I encourage you to re-write and submit it for review and possible publication in a future issue of the JIAEE.

Thank you to all JIAEE contributors, reviewers, and board members for assisting in the production of this issue. Enjoy your summer issue and continue doing what you can to promote greater understanding of agricultural and extension education worldwide.

Sincerely,

Gary J. Wingenbach, Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editor

I extend my sincere greetings to all Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education (JIAEE) subscribers and to all Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education (AIAEE) members. The fall season is upon us. I am hopeful this issue finds you excelling in your profession and content with your contributions to our Association.

This JIAEE issue brings many questions about our collective contributions to the greater good of the AIAEE. What have we done to advance our Association? Have we been involved actively in promoting scholarship within the AIAEE? Have we contributed time, talent, and energies into the planning of our next conference? It is easy to hold the view that a geographical distance prohibits participation in the conference planning process. But, that view is incorrect since the vast majority of our next conference is being planned electronically. In other words, if you have a valid e-mail account, then you certainly can participate as a peer reviewer of research papers, poster abstracts, and/or carousel abstracts. The same line of thinking applies to the scholarship process in the JIAEE; however the editorial board suggests strongly that I seek out peer reviewers who have published scholarly materials in the recent past.

I encourage you to read the inaugural contribution to our Seminal Article Series, an annual scholarly event designed to encourage debate within the Association. The seminal article may provide guidance in developing a future theme-focused JIAEE issue. Our inaugural seminal article contributor, Dr. James E. Christiansen, poses several questions to the AIAEE, which should be discussed/debated by the entire Association. In particular, we should discuss our organizational structure; is it fulfilling the original mission and purpose? Does our mission/purpose need an update? How much specificity in our research is needed to identify our Association as a highly specialized group? Do we want to be known as an Association of members with highly specialized interests in agricultural and extension education? The time is now to have open, honest discussions about these issues.

I will be the first to agree that our mission, purpose, objectives, and even our constitution and bylaws, need an update to be more reflective of current times since they are more than 20 years old. However, you should not wait for someone else to start the conversation. You can start it with a posting to the AIAEE Listserv. If you have questions about posting a topic for discussion on the listserv, do not hesitate to contact Dr. James Lindner (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.) or me (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.) at your convenience.

Thank you to all contributors (pp. 95-96), reviewers (pp. 97-98), and board members (pp. 2-3) who made JIAEE Volume 12 live up to its scholarly standards. This issue contains one seminal article, six feature articles, and one tools of the profession article, made possible through your scholarship and the untiring service of our peer reviewers. Enjoy your fall issue and continue doing what you can to promote greater understanding of agricultural and extension education worldwide.

Sincerely,

Gary J. Wingenbach, Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editor

Greeting to all members of the Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education (AIAEE) and to all readers of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education!

It hardly seems possible that I am entering the third year of service as editor of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education. The passage of time has become remarkably faster with my own aging process, or so it seems. However, one of the benefits about becoming older is the accumulation of experiences and “learning” from one’s own previous mistakes. As you read this issue you will notice a continuation of certain features now common to the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education. For example, the authors’ full names, titles, and complete contact information (where possible) have been included for a second time. The contact information, although a small portion of each article, is vital for cataloguing our scholarship in various databases worldwide. It also affords new subscribers/readers an opportunity to contact the authors directly for additional information about their research.

A second vital bit of information in each article is the listing of keywords. Again, this bit of information plays a valuable role in the indexing and searching processes that are commonplace in today’s literary collections. To the authors, I commend you for remembering to include all this vital information because it does improve the overall quality of the Journal. To all future authors I encourage you to read thoroughly the Journal’s Manuscript Submission Guidelines, located at http://www.aged.tamu.edu/aiaee/jiaee/archive/OnlineGuidelines.pdf The likelihood of having your manuscript accepted for publication after the peer-review process is “increased significantly” for those authors who follow those guidelines. The Manuscript Submission Guidelines have been in place since the inception of the Journal; it behooves all authors to follow them so our collective scholarship becomes consistent from one volume to another. Thank you to all those scholars who adhere to the guidelines.

You may have noticed a different logo for the Journal. Just remember, change can be a good thing. Actually, the new logo takes about 50% less ink to produce and considerably less time to dry, which speeds up the process for getting the Journal into the mail system. Also, the material used for the new covers is different from previous volumes; again, it’s a matter of speeding up the printing, binding, and shipping processes. We hope you enjoy the new look.

I am hopeful you will attend the AIAEE Annual Conference in Dublin, Ireland. The conference planners have prepared an exciting assortment of activities, and as always, it will be a great time to anew and renew friendships in the profession. Safe travels to Dublin and remember to do all you can to promote greater understanding of agricultural and extension education worldwide!

Sincerely,

Gary J. Wingenbach, Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editor

This issue of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education starts the seventh year of publishing feature research articles, commentary issues and tools for the international agricultural and extension profession. The Journal has matured into an important publication for scholarly professionals in the United States and around the world who strive to improve world-wide agricultural and extension education programs.

Yet, if the Journal is to continue to be a well respected professional journal your help is needed. The membership of the Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education and the readership of the Journal need to promote the Journal to friends and colleagues throughout the world. In order to select the most rigorous and quality manuscripts we need a critical-mass of papers submitted. The last six months has seen a drop in the number of feature articles, commentary articles and tools for the profession papers submitted for publication in the Journal.

Recently, I had the opportunity to promote the Journal to the Director of the Cooperative Extension System in the state of Idaho. He was so impressed he informed every county extension educator about the Journal and the opportunity to publish their writings. I have since received several inquiries about submitting papers for potential publication in the Journal. This can be done in every state across the country. If you know of Extension Directors, Associate Deans or Deans of Colleges of Agriculture who do not know about the Journal, please share this copy with them. If you need complimentary copies sent to any potential subscribers or authors please let me know. With everyone’s help we can increase the readership and submissions to the Journal.

Once again, this issue has several outstanding papers for your reading. Dr. Nick Place and his co-authors share with us the successes of the Polish-American Extension Project in the first article. Dr. David Acker and Victor Udin discuss Iowa State’s Linkage Project with the National Agricultural University of Ukraine in the article on page 17.

Last fall AIAEE President Satish Verma and Dr. John Richardson attended the European Association of Extension Education (ESEE) Conference held in Cracow, Poland. During the meeting they encouraged the authors of several papers to submit their writings to the Journal. The first article from the conference comes to us from Eelke Wielinga, former extension expert from the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture. His article on Rural Extension in Vital Networks: Changing Roles of Extension in Dutch Agriculture provides us with a window into extension education in the Netherlands. On page 37, Wayne Ganpat, Joseph Seepersad and Isaac Bekele from the University of the West Indies in Trinidad discuss the use and non- use of credit by limited-resource farm housholds in Trinidad. After the outstanding 1999 AIAEE Conference in Trinidad and Tobago, all AIAEE members should be interested in improving their knowledge of agriculture on those most beautiful islands.

Improving our knowledge of international agriculture issues is the focus of the two commentary articles in this issue. Dr. James Diamond shares with us his vast knowledge of agricultural and extension education in Albania. As professionals in higher education, we should all be interested in David Acker’ and Colin Scanes’ article on globalizing undergraduate education and student learning at Colleges of Agriculture.

Finally, there is information provided about two upcoming conferences related to international agricultural and extension education. I hope AIAEE members will continue to take advantage of these and other conferences to improve their knowledge and skills in international agricultural and extension education programming.

From the Editor

Within a couple of months I will relinquish the position of Editor of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education. I will turn the reins over to Dr. Gary Wingenbach of Texas A&M University. Just as I took over from the first two outstanding Editors, I entrust the future of the Journal to good hands.

It is at this juncture that changes are in store for not only the Journal but the Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education. This past spring the proceedings for the entire conference were most successfully put on CD-ROM by Drs. Jim Christensen and Jimmy Lindner of Texas A&M University. The complete papers, posters and carousels are available at the AIAEE website (see pg 77 for details). This issue also includes Call for Papers, Posters, and Carousel Presentations for the 2002 AIAEE Conference in Durban South Africa. I hope all AIAEE members are preparing your proposals and planning your trip to Durban. President-Elect Gustav Düvel is busy planning another outstanding conference.

As the Journal enters its 9th Volume and is turned over to a new Editor, it is important for this publication to evolve as well. Steps are being taken to streamline the blind-review process into a totally electronic, web-based, review system. Currently, many authors, especially international members, submit their manuscripts electronically. However, in order to use our international members as reviewers, manuscripts have to be sent by air mail which is costly and time consuming.

As the new Editor and I make these changes it is vitally important that we revise our Reviewer lists. If you do not currently serve as a Reviewer and would like to please contact me or Gary. In order to lighten the workload on the reviewers it is important that the Editor has a critical mass of qualified reviewers who are willing to return reviewed manuscripts in a prompt manner.

It has been said that the only constant is change. Both AIAEE and the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education continue to evolve to meet the changing needs of the members and authors. As our distinguished colleague, Dr. Bill Thuemmel said at this spring’s conference, AIAEE should become people’s “association of choice” that offers its members education, scholarly opportunities, collegiality, and comradery. I hope you will join me in working with the new AIAEE officers, committee chairs, members and Journal Editor to make the association and the Journal, the best they can possibly be.

From the Editor

These are exciting times for the Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education (AIAEE) and the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education. This is the first issue of Volume 8 of the Journal. While it is still a “new” Journal compared to other scholarly publications in agricultural and extension education, it has been a very successful start. The Journal’s success has followed the growth and expansion of its parent organization, AIAEE. The organization will hold another successful conference this spring at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, LA and just one year from now the organization will hold its second meeting outside the United States, when it travels to South Africa in the spring of 2002.

Yet, as both the Journal and AIAEE has grown over the past few years, there is still a great potential for additional expansion. This past year has seen a drop in the number of papers submitted for publication to the Journal. This comes even as the Editorial Board decided to eliminate the submission fee. Unfortunately, this did not result in an increase in submissions. Even with the increasing pressure to conduct scholarly research and publish in peer-reviewed journals, the submissions to the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education lags behind expectations.

It is with this background, that I pose a challenge to all AIAEE members. I would encourage each AIAEE member in 2001 to do two things. First, I would like all AIAEE members to submit at least one scholarly article, either a feature-research paper, a commentary article, or an innovative idea or book review for the Tools for the Profession section. Secondly, I would like each member to give a copy of the Journal (back issues are available) to a friend, colleague, graduate student, etc. and encourage them to join AIAEE and submit an article for publication to the Journal. As an Editor, I would like to receive from 50 to 75 articles in 2001 for possible publication in the Journal.

In addition to more submissions, the Journal is in desperate need of people willing to review papers submitted for publication. As Editor, I try to spread the articles among my list of reviewers so no one person is asked to read too many papers per year. However, I must continually ask a handful of people to review articles because the list of reviewers is shrinking. Therefore, I ask that if you have a spare hour or two and would like to keep current about the latest research and scholarly writing in international agricultural and extension education, please volunteer to serve as a reviewer for the Journal.

If you accept these challenges, the information you need is included in this issue of the Journal. Information on submitting manuscripts for publication is included on the inside front and back covers of this issue. I’ve also enclosed a copy of the subscription form and peer reviewer form in the back of the issue. Please consider submitting a manuscript and volunteering to serve as a peer reviewer. The Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education and the AIAEE can only continue to grow and prosper if scholars are willing to participate in these important activities.

From the Editor

Greeting to Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education (AIAEE)

members and to readers of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education!

This year has been extremely busy and enjoyable for me. I am happy to report that the Journal’s online manuscript submission and peer-review process is fully functional and operating successfully. No longer will we have to wait for reviews to take weeks or months to return. The electronic process has really streamlined the peer-review process for the Journal. With that note in mind, it becomes very important for reviewers to complete their reviews in an expedient manner. If selected to review a manuscript, please take a few minutes to read the manuscript, complete the online rating form, and submit your results. It’s really that easy!

Currently, there are 68 Journal reviewers from 17 countries worldwide (p. 101). The advent of electronic peer-review has truly opened the door for international representation and active participation in promoting the Journal’s scholarship. To all reviewers who served the Journal this past year, my sincere gratitude goes out to you. Thank you for assisting me in providing the AIAEE with a consistent quality product, the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education. Special thanks go out to Ms. Anita Allor, Bilingual Secretary for International Projects in Agricultural Education at Texas A&M University, for a truly wonderful undertaking in correcting and updating the Journal’s Spanish Abstracts; check out the Web site!

The Journal has received 35 manuscripts to date this year and as of this writing, is operating at 37% acceptance rate. If a manuscript was deemed not acceptable for the Journal in its first peer- review, I encourage all scholars to re-submit those manuscripts, complete with edits and/or re- writes, for additional review. Remember, you may submit and re-submit a manuscript a total of three times before it is no longer acceptable for publication in the Journal. Often times, our reviewers take extra efforts to make corrections and offer suggestions which improves the manuscripts under review. It is essential that authors take the reviewers’ comments to heart, improve their own scholarship, re-submit their manuscripts and collectively improve the scholarship of the entire profession. It’s a win-win situation!

It’s never too late to send in your Feature Articles, Tools of the Profession and Commentary Articles. Encourage new members to join AIAEE and subscribe to the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education. Share the subscription form in the back of this issue or direct your colleagues to the online form at http://www.aged.tamu.edu/aiaee/jiaee/journalsub.asp. Show someone the Web site at http://www.aged.tamu.edu/aiaee/jiaee/index.htm. As always, do what you can to promote agricultural and extension education worldwide.

Sincerely,

Gary J. Wingenbach, Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editor

Greetings to all readers of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education (JIAEE) and to all members of the Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education (AIAEE)!

The summer months seem to pass by more quickly as I get older. I don’t know what the hurry is, but it seems like only yesterday that many of us gathered in beautiful Durban, South Africa for the 18th Annual AIAEE Conference. In general, this issue is devoted to publicizing our collective benefits from that conference, and specifically, we congratulate and applaud the scholarship of selected members by publishing their outstanding papers, posters, and carousels. It should be noted that the Journal’s Editorial Board Members provided a huge service this summer by completing the peer-review of all outstanding papers in a most expedient manner.

Several items were discussed at the JIAEE Editorial Board meeting held in conjunction with the Annual AIAEE Conference. First, it was decided that an online subscription form be created and posted on the Journal’s Web site. This task is complete and can be accessed at http://www.aged.tamu.edu/aiaee/jiaee/journalsub.asp. Second, board members ask that all subscribers contact their local university or public library and encourage them to subscribe to the Journal. You may entice many libraries’ interest in a JIAEE subscription if you “gift” them a one-year subscription. Library subscriptions are $45 USD/annually. Individual subscriptions can be acquired for the low cost of $25 USD/annually. Third, board members decided that email and diskette versions of JIAEE will not be available beginning with this issue. Instead, JIAEE will be published in hard copy and electronic (Web- based on a closed server) formats only. This action reduces the problems the JIAEE was experiencing with diskette formats and corruptible email file attachments. Finally, board members passed a resolution that manuscripts will have only three opportunities to be peer-reviewed by JIAEE before they can no longer be submitted for review and possible publication in the JIAEE.

A new Web site has been established at http://www.aged.tamu.edu/aiaee/jiaee/index.htm. Very soon, the JIAEE will enjoy a paperless peer-review process. Databases and corresponding Web sites are being built and tested at the moment. You can expect to submit your manuscripts electronically, review others’ manuscripts and submit your review forms through the Internet sometime this fall. I hope you find the new peer-review process a much needed benefit for our profession. Once the online submission and peer- review process is completed, I will post a notice on the AIAEE listserv. Of course, for those who prefer to use old technologies, JIAEE will continue to accept manuscripts in paper form, but the review process will take longer to complete.

I wish all of you a very successful year as we enter the last half of 2002. We should all continue to improve the scholarship and rigor in the JIAEE. I look forward to receiving your future manuscripts. Please continue to recruit your colleagues, students, and acquaintances into the AIAEE. It doesn’t take much effort. You could start by showing or emailing someone the AIAEE Web site location at http://ag.arizona.edu/aiaee/. Or, you could show someone the JIAEE Web site today. Above all else, do what you can to promote greater understanding of agricultural and extension education worldwide.

Sincerely,

Gary J. Wingenbach, Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editor

Greeting to all members of the Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education

(AIAEE) and to all readers of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education!

Change is the only thing that remains a constant. This saying has particular relevance in my case. The past year was filled to capacity for changes in my life. First, my family and I moved from Mississippi to Texas last August. I work as an Assistant Professor in Agricultural Journalism under the Department of Agricultural Education at Texas A&M University. After beginning a “normal” routine last fall, everyone’s world was changed by the devastating events of September 11, 2001. I’m sure all our lives changed that day, but it wasn’t the biggest day of change for me in 2001.

The very next day, September 12, 2001, was the biggest day because my daughter, Sydney Paige was born. For those readers who have children, you know how much a new baby changes one’s family dynamics. January, 2002 brought a new milestone; another birthday...the fourth decade begins. And, January brought the onset of my service as Editor of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education. I am honored by this role. I am humbled by its responsibility. I am seeking your participation to continue the scholarly efforts of those who served before me.

Many thanks go out to Dr. Jim Connors, Past Editor, who served AIAEE and the Journal well during the past three years. Jim improved the look of the Journal and helped its growth and scholarly status among all academic journals. Thanks Jim! Also, I want to thank those who signed up to serve as reviewers for Volumes 9-11; to date, nearly 70 people worldwide are helping to maintain the scholarship of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education. If we maintain this high level of volunteerism and service over the next three years, you will make my job as Editor quite enjoyable.

One big change you can expect from the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education in the next three years will be an electronic manuscript submission and review process. The “bugs” are being worked out, but I am hopeful this system will come to fruition by mid-2002. A secure system for submitting and reviewing your scholarly works will not replace the traditional methods used now, but it will enhance significantly the current processes. I look forward to the day when we can eliminate the necessity of paper, and waste, used to conduct the manuscript submission and review process for the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education.

We will pass a huge milestone during my tenure as Editor; the 10th Anniversary of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education. An event this significant should be celebrated by all AIAEE members. How can you help plan for and participate in this celebration? First, take the time to write, write, and write some more. Send in your Feature Articles, Tools of the Profession and Commentary Articles. Second, encourage new members to join AIAEE and subscribe to the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education. I can’t think of a better way to celebrate 10 years of scholarship than by increasing it, and not just from a select few in our profession, but from all interested scholars worldwide. Share the subscription form located in the back of this issue with a colleague today. Show someone our Web site at: http://ag.arizona.edu/aiaee/Journal.htm. Finally, do what you can to promote greater understanding of agricultural and extension education worldwide.

Sincerely,

Gary J. Wingenbach, Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editor

I send greetings from the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education (JIAEE) and the Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education (AIAEE).

Change, which results in progress, is a difficult entity to measure. There have been several changes for the Journal since our last issue. We have good news and bad news. First, the good news. JIAEE is listed officially with “Academic Keys for Agriculture.” The index may be located at http://agriculture.academickeys.com/index.php

More than 600,000 hits have been registered on academickeys.com since March 2003. Academic Keys for Agriculture is known as “The most comprehensive resource for placing professionals in academia and for providing information that is pertinent and timely to higher education.” JIAEE’s inclusion in this database of journals exposes an ever greater audience to your scholarship. We can be proud of our listing.

Now for the bad news. After an exhaustive two-year attempt to officially register the JIAEE with Thomson ISI® (founded as the Institute for Scientific Information®), our application was rejected. This outcome saddens us, but also hardens our resolve to improve the scholarship and status of JIAEE. ISI’s rejection was due to many factors, some within our control, while others are beyond our control. The factors we control include the addition of keywords, first author’s full contact information, and indication of grant-supported research. As you read this issue, you will notice that we have included keywords and authors’ contact information. Where possible, notice was indicated whether the research was grant- supported.

The factors beyond our control include JIAEE’s rate of citation, which results in ISI’s Impact Factor and Journal Ranking System. Trust me; these factors are as elusive to track down and corner as the Great Yeti in the Himalayas. However, when July 22, 2005 approaches, we will have readied our application for re-evaluation and possible inclusion into the Thomson ISI® index. As a final note, YOU can help improve the rate of citation for the JIAEE by increasing the number of subscriptions, overall exposure, and size of the research community interested in the journal's offerings. How? Start by asking all your colleagues and university/organization libraries to subscribe to the JIAEE. Can you believe that we have subscribers from over 20 countries, but only eight libraries hold subscriptions? NO, I can’t believe this either, but it is true! How many colleagues have you shared the JIAEE with in the past month? Whatever number you answer, I’ll contend it’s about 10 people to few. We can do a better job of promoting our organization, its purpose, and its scholarship. Let’s do it!

I call your attention to a very important matter. According to the bylaws, the AIAEE announces a Call for Editor for the JIAEE. Please find complete details on page 89 in this issue. A search committee has been formed, applications are being accepted, and an official announcement of the new editor will occur at our next annual conference in Dublin, Ireland. By the way, if you haven’t checked out the details for the AIAEE Conference in Dublin, do so today by visiting http://www.aiaee.org/2004.htm

Thank you to all Journal contributors (p. 91), reviewers (p. 93), and board members (p. 2-3) for assisting in the production of this Volume. Enjoy your fall issue and continue doing what you can to promote greater understanding of agricultural and extension education worldwide.

Sincerely,

Gary J. Wingenbach, Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

Note. The book review by T. A. Rutherford (spring, 2003, p. 81) should have referred to the book, “Contracting for Agricultural Extension: International Case Studies and Emerging Practices,” edited by William Rivera and Willem Zijp.

From the Editor

Greetings from the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education (JIAEE) and the Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education (AIAEE).

Journal readers and AIAEE members alike have taken to heart the repeated requests for submitting their manuscripts for review and publication in the Journal. We have many articles that are accepted for publication and awaiting their place in a future issue of JIAEE. As we all know, this summer issue is devoted to the outstanding AIAEE Annual Conference papers, so space is limited and we will not be able to publish additional manuscripts in this issue. However, the fall issue is shaping up nicely. I send thanks to all who have submitted articles for review and publication in the Journal.

Although I had to miss this year’s AIAEE Annual Conference in Raleigh, North Carolina, I heard it was another raging success. I extend my gratitude to the AIAEE Leadership Team for continuing on their path of excellence in providing AIAEE members a consistent venue to share thoughts and renew friendships. You will find the some of the fruits of this labor in this issue. Please read these articles to understand better the international agricultural and extension education efforts in Jordan, China, United States, and Uruguay. Along the way, you will read interesting findings that might lead you to conduct research in these or similar areas. Who knows, maybe your paper will be appearing in the summer issue of JIAEE next year. Other ideas may be generated by reading through the abstracts for posters, carousels, and all research papers presented at the Annual Conference.

It must be noted that outstanding conference papers are required to be peer-reviewed by JIAEE Editorial Board members prior to publication in the summer issue. This extra process ensures that 1) scholarly contributions to the Journal are consistent in all issues, and 2) authors are given additional space to elaborate upon their original conference papers and additional feedback on areas of improvement. This process will continue indefinitely as we seek to maintain the rigor of the Journal, which has a consistent 38% acceptance rate over the past two years.

With the gracious assistance of associate editor, Dr. James Lindner, the annual JIAEE Editorial Board meeting produced some significant changes to future issues of our Journal. First, the number of words allowed in all article abstracts has been increased from 150 to 250 words. Please make a note of this important change as the board felt the increase allows authors to more fully describe their research, which is beneficial when searching abstract-only indices on the Internet. Second, the current “glossy” cover will be replaced by a matte finish starting in 2004. The new cover type allows for faster drying ink and less distortion to the AIAEE logo and lettering; changes that will produce a faster printing process and higher quality “look” for the Journal. Third, the JIAEE Editorial Board will institute an Article of the Year award (see p. 113) to recognize the outstanding scholarly achievements of our contributors. Finally, additional decisions were discussed on voted on by the board, including publication of abstracts in the author’s native language (vote denied), increasing the page limit for manuscripts (vote denied), and changing the AIAEE logo on the cover (vote denied, use updated geographically corrected version). It should be noted the Editor retains the privilege of accepting manuscripts for review that are more than the 12-page, double-space limitation, under special circumstances; reviewers will be notified of these situations. In addition, the Editorial Board recommended that all JIAEE manuscript reviewers must have been published in the Journal prior to serving as a reviewer; changes to the list of JIAEE reviewers are being made to reflect this decision.

I send my thanks to all Journal contributors, reviewers, and board members for assisting in the production of this issue. Enjoy your summer issue and continue doing what you can to promote greater understanding of agricultural and extension education worldwide.

Sincerely,

Gary J. Wingenbach, Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editor

Greeting to all members of the Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education (AIAEE) and to all readers of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education!

And so it begins. This year marks the 10th Anniversary of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education. The Journal has been through some minor and major changes during the past 10 years. Dr. O. Donald Meaders1 (1994) wrote an eloquent essay in the inaugural issue, wherein he described a vision of using the Journal as “...another avenue of communication, to expedite efforts to achieve improved production and distribution of food and fiber, and improve quality of life for people in general” (p. 3). I don’t know if Dr. Meaders envisioned the Journal taking a stroll down electric avenue and ending up on the Information Highway, but it’s fair to say the target audience he predicted has every opportunity of accessing the Journal from all corners of the world. In fact, a recent search on GoogleTM revealed Journal links from Pennsylvania to Iran, Rome to Arizona, and many points in between. The online version of the Journal is a major change the AIAEE can take pride in and can use to promulgate the benefits of membership in this world-class organization.

I found it interesting to note that the original subscription rates were $25/year for this booklet format, $15/year for a diskette, and $10/year for an email version of the Journal. In 1994, even libraries worldwide, could subscribe to the Journal for a mere $25/year. Yet, the current subscription rate for this booklet is still just $25/year. Some of you may think this is great news, but I ask you, how much could $25 buy in 1994 versus 2003? I don’t remember what the postal rates were in 1994, but I know they have increased in the past year. As AIAEE looks forward to the next 10 years, we must consider the solvency of the Journal, especially as it pertains to keeping pace with the rising costs of paper, printing, publication, and postage.

One year ago, I mentioned the 10th Anniversary of the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education and asked all Journal readers and AIAEE members to help celebrate this historic occasion. Do you recall what was requested of you? For the record, I repeat it here and ask you all to help improve the scholarship of the Journal by:

1. Taking the time to write, write, and write some more.

2. Submitting your Feature Articles, Tools of the Profession, and Commentary Articles online.

3. Encouraging new members to join AIAEE and subscribe to the Journal.

a. Share the subscription form in the back of this issue or direct your colleagues to the online form at http://www.aged.tamu.edu/aiaee/jiaee/journalsub.asp

b. Show someone the Web site at http://www.aged.tamu.edu/aiaee/jiaee/index.htm

4. Celebrating the Journal’s scholarship by increasing it; not just from a select few in our

profession, but from all interested scholars worldwide.

5. Doing what you can to promote greater understanding of agricultural and extension education

worldwide.

Sincerely,

Gary J. Wingenbach, Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editor

Greetings to all Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education (JIAEE) subscribers and Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education (AIAEE) members. Volume 11 comes to a close with this issue, but significant recognition continues for the JIAEE. Specifically, the journal has been accepted for indexing and archival purposes by the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS). This is very good news for the JIAEE! We are proud to have the IBSS include our journal in its indexing service, especially since many of its current journal listings “...emphasize the need to represent not only the core social science disciplines but also a broad range of related fields” (IBSS, 2004). Additional information and a listing of journals indexed through the IBSS services may be found at http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/IBSS/; I encourage all readers to review the IBSS online.

Change, is our only certainty. Recent changes to the JIAEE, as per AIAEE Executive Board decision, are to no longer consider the summer issue as the JIAEE “Conference Issue,” and to restructure subscription prices for the JIAEE. We will continue producing/publishing a summer issue of the JIAEE, but it will contain peer-reviewed scholarship generated from you, the AIAEE members, and not be limited to research papers presented at our annual conferences. We believe this is an important move to clarify the scholarship in the journal; something that indexing services deem highly important in their review processes. Remember, we all are doing what we can to achieve inclusion in the Thomson ISI® (founded as the Institute for Scientific Information®) index.

Subscription rates have been changed to reflect ever-increasing inflation rates and postage costs associated with mailing the hardcopy booklet to subscribers. Please note that annual individual subscriptions are now USD $30/year for the Web (electronic) version, and USD $45/year for those wanting the hardcopy booklet version. Also, library subscription rates were increased to USD $75/year to more accurately reflect our actual production and postage costs associated with those types of subscriptions. However, registrants to the Annual AIAEE Conference will enjoy an annual subscription to the JIAEE as part of their conference fee. The new subscription rates are in effect for those who are unable to attend the annual conference.

Has it been three years since my editorship began with the JIAEE? Yes, it is true! Time flies when you’re having fun. So, rather than quitting what I enjoy, I applied for another term as editor of the JIAEE. Call me crazy, but I enjoy this job immensely and felt that many of the changes to the manuscript submission and peer-review processes I had envisioned three years ago had not been developed fully, therefore I chose to prolong my service to the JIAEE. I am fortunate that the AIAEE Executive Board found favor in my first term services as editor, and graciously granted me another three-year term as editor. Thank you AIAEE Executive Board! Granted, I do not envision a lifetime of service as editor, but the goals of improving JIAEE scholarship and securing inclusion to Thomson’s ISI® index are paramount to a successful second term as editor. So, onward and upward with Volumes 12, 13, and 14!

Thank you to all contributors (p. 93-95), reviewers (p. 97-98), and board members (p. 2-3) who made JIAEE Volume 11 live up to its scholarly standards. Included in this issue are nine articles and one book review, made possible through your scholarship and the untiring service of our peer reviewers. Enjoy your fall issue and continue doing what you can to promote greater understanding of agricultural and extension education worldwide

Sincerely,

Gary J. Wingenbach, Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editor

Greetings from the Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education (JIAEE) and the Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education (AIAEE). This summer issue of the JIAEE brings a variety of contributions from the 20th Annual

Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education Conference, which was held in Dublin, Ireland at the end of May. Before highlighting these contributions, I want to take a bit of space to congratulate the organizers of our annual conference. Ireland is a beautiful land, replete with gracious, friendly inhabitants. Our collective “thanks” to Jim, Dermot, and their many helpful assistants for planning, coordinating, and sponsoring a wonderful conference experience in Dublin. Personally, I found our meeting venue to be a refreshing change from the usual trappings offered through an impersonal hotel. Jim and Dermot, I truly enjoyed visiting your campus and am hopeful that your initiative provides “out-of-the-box” thinking for future AIAEE conferences.

This issue features a variety of articles ranging in locations from Ireland to Uruguay and Lithuania to the United States and Mexico. It is a truly an international affair of scholarship. Our contributors can be proud of their accomplishments and we are all better off for having these articles in our collective research base. Also, don’t forget to read through the 20th Annual Conference research paper abstracts, carousel abstracts, and poster abstracts located in the latter half of this issue. You may learn something new and/or one of those abstracts may provide the spark needed to conduct similar research in your part of the world. Above all else, take some extra time to promote the JIAEE. How, you ask? Share the contents of this issue with your colleagues and students. Encourage those same colleagues and students to submit manuscripts for peer-review. Promote the JIAEE at your local institution, especially your local library. Tell others to complete the online subscription form today!

Do you realize that we have more than 200 current subscribers to the JIAEE? Many of these subscribers were unable to attend the conference in Dublin, but chose to renew and pay for their subscriptions online using our new PayPal feature. Now, there is nothing easier than filling out the subscription form and completing the process, anytime and anywhere, on the planet earth. So get the word out and get your friends, family, and neighbors to subscribe to the JIAEE today. You might even want to fill out a “gift” subscription for one of your outstanding students or peers. The JIAEE makes a great birthday gift and at only $25/year, there is not a less-expensive scientific resource available!

If you did not have your paper selected as one of the outstanding research conference papers that are contained in this issue, I encourage you to take time to re-write and submit it for review and possible publication in a future issue of the JIAEE. Thank you to all Journal contributors, reviewers, and board members for assisting in the production of this issue. Enjoy your summer issue and continue doing what you can to promote greater understanding of agricultural and extension education worldwide.

Sincerely,

Gary J. Wingenbach, Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education

From the Editors

This summer edition of the journal includes the abstracts and membership awards and JIAEE awards from the conference held in San Juan, Puerto Rico on May 24-28, 2009. The conference theme was “25 Years of Strengthening International Agricultural and Extension Education.” We solicited “birthday letters” from the membership to recognize this notable achievement for the organization.

As we celebrate the birthday of our organization, it is important to reflect on how our organization, and the journal, has evolved over time. Dr. Jack Elliot, a former journal editor and president of AIAEE commented in his birthday letter:

Beginning the journal was a labor of love. The original journal white paper team of Satish Verma from Louisiana State University, Bill Seiders from the University of Illinois and me (then at Michigan State University) presented our work at the first AIAEE meeting held west of the Mississippi River in 1991 at St. Louis, Missouri. Wade Miller from Iowa State and Anne Fox from Oregon State were added to the team to form the first journal editorial board. The first issue of volume one was distributed during the 10th anniversary of the association. Some of the original strategies such as publishing the outstanding research presentations have been modified as the journal sought to improve its prestige within the journal world.

Today the journal includes editorial board members from throughout the world. As our organization has grown, the journal has also expanded to include a broader range of topics and authors. We look forward to our next 25 years!

If you would like to contribute to the development of the JIAEE, we are seeking a new managing editor. The term would begin in January, 2010. You will find a call for the managing editor at the end of this issue.

Sincerely,

James R. Lindner, Executive Editor and Kim E. Dooley, Managing Editor

Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education